Noisy tournaments

A common variation on iterated prisoner’s dilemma tournaments is to add stochasticity in the choice of actions, simply called noise. This noise is introduced by flipping plays between C and D with some probability that is applied to all plays after they are delivered by the player [Bendor1993].

The presence of this persistent background noise causes some strategies to behave substantially differently. For example, TitForTat can fall into defection loops with itself when there is noise. While TitForTat would usually cooperate well with itself:

C C C C C ...
C C C C C ...

Noise can cause a C to flip to a D (or vice versa), disrupting the cooperative chain:

C C C D C D C D D D ...
C C C C D C D D D D ...

To create a noisy tournament you simply need to add the noise argument:

>>> import axelrod as axl
>>> players = [axl.Cooperator(), axl.Defector(),
...            axl.TitForTat(), axl.Grudger()]
>>> noise = 0.1
>>> tournament = axl.Tournament(players, noise=noise)
>>> results = tournament.play()
>>> plot = axl.Plot(results)
>>> p = plot.boxplot()
>>> p.show()

Here is how the distribution of wins now looks:

>>> p = plot.winplot()
>>> p.show()